The History of American Literature free essay sample

The same stories, fables, or belief structures were told repeatedly, each time Identical to the last, and were memorized by the listeners so they would be able to pass these on to the next generation. They also used pictures, carvings, or special mementos such as bones, teeth, feathers, or skins as reminders of great hunts or wars. If an entire tribe and all its descendants were killed off, the specific stories and history of that tribe would also be gone. Other tribes may speak of the first, but never in the same detail or with the same perspective as the original tribe members.Long before settlers arrived In America, explorers reported on their voyages to the continent. Italian explorer America Vesuvius provided some of the earliest European descriptions of the American continent. Before 1600 Sir Walter Raleigh, Richard Hackett, Thomas Harriet, and John White had published accounts of discoveries. The writings of Captain John Smith, an explorer whose travels took him up and down the eastern seaboard of America, represent a shift from exploration narrative toward early history. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of American Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Early histories, however, were written mostly by settlers rather than by explorers. William Bradford, the first governor of the Plymouth Colony. Wrote his Of Plymouth Plantation from 1620 to 1647 . Another important historian of early America was Thomas Morton, whose New English Canaan used humor in portraying what he considered to be the overbearing and intolerant qualities of the Puritans . Histories of early America, especially in New England, were filled with references to the Bible and to Gods will. Nearly all events could be explained from this religious perspective: Foul weather and diseases were perceived as Gods wrath; a bountiful harvest represented Gods blessing.Given the Puritans relationship with God, It Is not surprising that sermons and other religious writings dominated literature in America in the 1 sass. John Cotton, Thomas Hooker, Roger Williams, and John Winthrop were among the most prominent religious writers. A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mary Rowland (1682). This work is a firsthand account by a colonist who was taken captive by Indians during King Phillips War. It presents a dramatic tale of suffering and of Railroadings efforts to make sense of that suffering. Her story became the model for a new genre of early American literature: captivity rarities.Such accounts became staples of American literature and eventually provided material for American fiction. While still religious in tone and purpose, captivity narratives emphasized the experiences of individuals. They also incorporated many of the fundamentals of fiction, making use of characters, dramatic action and setting. The Salem witch trials of 1692 were another period In early Massachusetts town resulted in the execution of 14 women and 6 men, Cotton Matters The Wonders of the Invisible World (1693) documented the events of the witch trials.Cotton Matter remained an important literary figure in the 18th century. His Magnolia Christi Americana (The Great Works of Christ in America, 1702) is a history of New England that celebrates the founding generation of Puritans. Like his earlier works, it is religious; however, its interest in the human side of the Puritan founders marked a new achievement in American literary history. Matters rewarding career included writings on science and medicine as well as theology and history. His Sentiments on the Small Pox Inoculated (1721) was instrumental in introducing the smallpox vaccine to New England.A new genre for American writers, the travel narrative, would become especially influential late in the sass. Travel narratives include Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America (1778) by Jonathan Carver and Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, etc (1791) by William Bertram . Travel stories often blended observations on nature and landscape with tales of personal courage and achievement. The first American newspaper, the Boston News-Letter, was founded in 1704, and Joined by the Boston Gazette in 1719.At a time when swapper Journalism was concerned primarily with reporting political events, the New-England Currant, started by James Franklin in 1721, became the first newspaper to include literary entertainment. Franklins younger brother Benjamin Franklin published humorous social commentary in the Currant under the pen name of Silence Dogwood . Magazines also appeared for the first time in the colonies during the mid-sass. Before 1800 magazines were concerned primarily with measuring Americas developing culture against the British model. During the sass Boston and Philadelphia became centers of publishing in addition to being political and immemorial centers. Benjamin Franklin was key in establishing a writing community in Philadelphia. In 1727 he and a group of friends established a mens reading club in Philadelphia called the Junta . Members shared printed works and discussed topics of the day. Such reading and discussion clubs became an important part of American culture. Women organized literary circles in the sass and sass. These groups, known as salons, resembled mens reading clubs. They also encouraged members to compose their own work, mainly poetry, but very few of these works were preserved. By the mid-sass American writing was primarily political. In America the 18th century was known as the Age of Enlightenment. Americans held a growing belief in the supremacy of reason over church; they also stressed the importance of the individual and freedom over authorities and institutions. Americas great Enlightenment writers included Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson, who also played important roles in the American Revolution.Thomas Paine became a leading figure in the cause of American independence with the pamphlet Common Sense (1776). This enormously popular political document stated that the American colonies received no advantage from Great Britain and that moon sense called for them to establish an independent republican government. Written in a straightforward style using the language of the common person, Common Sense was published Just months before the Declaration of Independence Great Britain could be settled peaceably.Paine shook this belief, making his readers feel that each person had the power and responsibility to participate in the revolution. The Declaration of Independence was a crucial achievement in both politics and American prose. It was structured in the form of an assertion that was then proven through specific examples. The declaration was written by a committee made up of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston, though Jefferson was ultimately responsible for most of the writing .The declaration and the Constitution of the United States (1787) were key statements of American freedom, but as collaborative documents they necessitated compromises to satisfy all of their authors. One of the most significant compromises was the absence of any mention of slavery. Slavery was unethical from the views of the American Revolution, but for the sake of unity with the Southern colonies, whose cotton) economy was rooted in slavery, no protest was made against it. A final flurry of political writing at the close of the century arose from the debate over ratification of the Constitution.Federalists supported the strong central government outlined in the Constitution, while an anti-Federalist faction opposed it. A series of essays supporting ratification was published in 1787 and 1788 and circulated in pamphlets. The essays, later published as The Federalist, were written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay . Slave narratives recorded another side of life in America. The Interesting Narrative f the Life of Aloud Equation, or Gustavo Vass, the African (1789) has long been considered an important African American text.American fiction was formally established after the American Revolution. The Power of Sympathy (1789), a tragic love story by William Hill Brown, is generally considered the first American novel . Another Literary milestone was Hannah Fosters The Coquette (1797), a novel in the form of letters, or an epistolary novel. Over the course of the 19th century the country progressed from an agricultural economy concentrated on the Eastern coast to an industrialized nation that spanned the continent. With the dramatic changes in the nation came dramatic changes in its literature.At the start of the sasss only a handful of novels had been written, but by mid-century American fiction rivaled the best in the world. Biography and history remained strong; religious writing, on the other hand, had substantially declined in importance. Among the first developments of the young nation was the realization that America had its own language and that American English differed from British English. Noah Webster, noting the unique American styles in language and literature, undertook the massive project of developing an American dictionary.He had already advocated changes in American spellings of English words in such writings as Dissertations on the English Language (1789) . Webster published his first dictionary in 1806. The first edition of his major work, American Dictionary of the English Language, came out in 1828. What made this work radical was his insistence on defining words based not only on traditional English usage but also on American variations in usage, called Americanism, and his inclusion of at least 12,000 new words not previously recognized by English dictionaries. Gaining independence also provided the United States with a history of its own. Samuel Millers A Brief Retrospect of the Revolution. Best known among these patriotic histories was the monumental ten- volume History of the United States (1834-1876) by George Bancroft, who is often called the father of American history . Americas westward expansion after the Louisiana Purchase generated a sizable collection of political writings, especially in light of manifest destiny belief that the countrys territorial expansion was not only inevitable but also divinely ordained.The term manifest destiny was coined by writer John Louis Sullivan in Annexation, an article that argued for the annexation of Texas and appeared in the July-August 1845 issue of United States Magazine and Democratic Review . The Native American experience began to be told in autobiography. William Apses was the first Native American to produce extensive writings in English. In A Son of the Forest (1829) he described his conversion to Christianity and his participation in the War of 1812 between the United States and The greatest development in American biography was the slave narrative.Britain . The tension produced by slavery in America had already become apparent by the Revolution, but it heightened considerably in the sass, right up until the American Civil War (1861-1865). Frederick Douglass created a masterpiece of the genre with Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845), a work that he revised and enlarged several times for later editions. While describing his life as a slave and his struggle toward freedom, Douglass emphasized the primary role that literacy played in opening opportunities for African Americans.He represented his ability to write his own story as the ultimate act of a free man . Harriet Jacobs offered a different but no less upsetting representation of slavery in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl ( 1861). In the book, Jacobs told of the sexual abuse experienced by young female slaves. During the late sass and early sass, romanticism was the dominant literary genre in Europe. In reaction to the Enlightenment and its emphasis on reason, romanticism used emotion and imagination. Until about 1870 romanticism influenced the major forms of American writings: transcendentalist writings, historical fiction, and sentimental fiction.In New England, an intellectual movement known as transcendentalism developed as an American version of romanticism. The movement began among an influential set f authors based in Concord, Massachusetts, and was led by Ralph Wald Emerson . Like romanticism, transcendentalism rejected both 18th-century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant Puritan traditions. The transcendentalists found their inspiration in nature and rejected materialism. Emerson essay Nature (1836) was the first major document of the transcendental school.His other key transcendentalist works include Self-Reliance (1841), an essay in which he stressed the importance of being true to ones own nature. Henry David Thoreau, a friend of Emerson, put transcendentalist ideas into action. Walden, or Life in the Woods (1854) is his Journal of a two-year experiment in living as simply and self-reliantly as possible in a small cabin that he built on the shores of Walden Pond, near Concord. His essay Civil Disobedience (1849) is a statement against government intimidation that records his short stay in Jail after he refused to pay a tax in support of the Mexican War (1846-1848).New England writer Nathaniel Hawthorne was a master of historical fiction. Influenced to some extent by Blithered Romance (1852) is loosely based on a transcendentalist experiment in manual living at Brook Farm. Still, Hawthorns work, with its deep ethical concern about sin, punishment, and atonement, is less optimistic than most transcendental writing. Hawthorne was a descendant of one of the Judges at the Salem witch trials, and he set many of his works in Puritan New England and during early crises in American history .The Scarlet Letter (1850), a story of rebellion within an emotionally constricted Puritan society, is an undisputed masterpiece in its powerful psychological insights. Mosses from an Old Manse (1846) collects some of his best horn stories and sketches, including Roger Melanins Burial and Young Goodman Herman Melville became a close friend of Hawthorns after Melville Brown. moved to Massachusetts in 1850. He worked on several whaling ships and lived life at sea. His early travel adventures brought Melville early success.Ironically, Melville popularity dropped after the publication of the book now considered a masterpiece of American fiction, Mob Dick (1851). Far removed from his earlier travel narratives, Mob Dick was dedicated to Hawthorne, and like Hawthorns work was darkly metaphysical, symbolic, and complex. The story of the captain of a whaling boat, ABA, and his relentless hunt for one whale, Mob Dick is also about the mysterious forces of the universe that overwhelm the individual who seeks to confront and struggle against them.Written in a powerful and varied narrative style, the book includes a magnificent sermon delivered before the ships sailing, monologues by the ships mates, and passages of a technical nature, such as a chapter about whales. While transcendentalism was deeply optimistic, celebrating human creativity and the beauty of nature, Hawthorne and Melville demonstrated that asking questions about he nature of the univer se could lead to answers showing the darker side of life. Edgar Allan Poe was another writer who inverted transcendentalist thoughts. In his disturbing prose and poetry, Poe explored the nature of humanity and frightened readers with what he found. His tales are obsessed with death, madness, and violence demonstrated in Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840). Poe also invented the detective story with such works as The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841) and The Purloined Letter (1844). The sentimental novel is a major form of American fiction that grew out of the responses of white writers to leaver.The most famous and historically most significant work of American sentimental fiction is Uncle Toms Cabin (1851) by Harriet Beechen Stows. Sentimental fiction aimed to stir up pity for the oppressed. In Stores novel and in novels that followed in this tradition, pity for the oppressed did not necessitate revolutionary change but rather called for an outpouring of Christian love. Sentimental fiction elicited this Christian sympathy from Northern white women in particular by demonstrating how the slave system violated the most basic bonds of humanity, such as that between mother and child.President Abraham Lincoln is credited with having greeted Stows with So youre the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war! Uncle Toms Cabin was powerful as propaganda and expressed the deep antislavery feelings of the North. Two movements became increasingly important in American fiction after the Civil War: regionalism and realism. As the country expanded in area and population, regional differences became more apparent and of Increasing arbitration and the expansion of the railroads had made more of the country accessible.Regional literature would do the same. Post-Civil War America was large and diverse enough to sense its own local differences. With increasing arbitration and more accessible transportation, small, rural communities became a subject o f literary interest. As early as 1820 America had developed a taste for fiction with specific, localized settings and topics. Toward mid-century, regional voices had emerged from newly settled territories in the South and to the west of the Appalachian Mountains. In many of these works local dialects, sayings, and spellings were used for humor.Tales of the West also became a popular form of regional rating and created frontier outlaws and heroes, such as Billy the Kid. These tales were especially suited to the short-story form. 1860 introduced dime novels;inexpensive tales with exciting plots intended for popular entertainment . The first dime novels were set during key events of early American history such as the Revolutionary War, but plots soon incorporated frontier lore, conflicts between cowboys and Indians, and the taming of the West for white settlement. Dime novels may be seen as precursors of the Western, a genre that would reach the height of its popularity in the first half of the 20th century. Ever since even before the White man set foot on this continent, America has had its own way of written communication. Everything from politics, religion, westward expansion, wars, and technology has altered and improved literature. Our society has shifted from taking influences from other societies writings, to being influential.Many social issues still greatly impact literature even today; everything from wars, celebrity gossip, science fiction adventures, real life traumas, and talking animals can result in the newest book on top the Best Seller List. Amidst the downward tendency and proneness of hinges, when every voice is raised for a new road or another statute, or a subscription of stock, for an improvement in dress, or in dentistry, for a new house or a larger business, for a political party, or the division of an estate, 0 will yo u not tolerate one or two solitary voices in the land, speaking for thoughts and principles not marketable or perishable?

USDA essays

USDA essays USDA www.usda.gov History: In 1862 Abraham Lincoln founded the US Department of Agriculture, he named it the peoples Department. During Lincolns time, 48 percent of the peopls were farmers. These farmers needed god seeds and inofrmation for growing their crops. The USDA today, continues Lincolns legacy by doing their best to serve all Americans. Jobs: The USDA is committed to helping Farmers and Ranchers , but along with lending a helping hand to these people, the USDA does much more. The USDA provides WIC Programs such as Food Stamps, School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs to lead the Federal anti-hunger effort. The USDA is the provider of our nations 192 million acres of national forests and rangelands. The USDA is the countrys largest conservation agency, and encourages voluntary efforts to help protect soil, wildlife and water. Housing, safe drinking water and modern telecommunications are all brought to us by the USDA. Meat, poultry and egg products are inspected for our consumption by the USDA. The Mission of the USDA is to enhance the quality of life for the American people by supporting the production of agriculture. The USDA does their best to aquaire this by ensuring a safe, affordable, nutrious and accessible food supply. They care for the agriculture, forsets, and range lands. The USDA works to reduce hunger in America and throughout the world. In Charge: Ann M. Veneman is the women un charge of the USDA. Answers/Reports To: The USDA answers directly to the President of United States of America. Safeguarding: In order to safeguard our food the USDA has been developing new methods in order to give us safe and healthy meat, poultry and egg p ...

Economics of Race and Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics of Race and Gender - Essay Example This in turn, affects business, politics, and consumption. For many years, economics of race and gender has been a core issue whereby traditionally, women were permitted to perform household chores (Kim, pg 63). Since time immemorial, women’s contribution to the society was limited, and mostly controlled by men. However, women’s role has changed tremendously with time, and they are standing tall to demand their rights politically, socially, and economically. As a result, women are playing a vital role in economical status. In reality, more women are entering into the stock market more than ever before. Amazingly, the automobile industry is responding positively to designing cars for women for instance the Volvo car (Jayson 1). On the other hand, men are taking more traditional roles that were meant for women such as cooking. With no doubt; the icon for a woman in 1950s was a domesticated mother and a housewife who cleaned, cooked, and took care of her family. Nevertheless, in the 21st Century, women possess the role as mothers, wife, domestic organizer, and career. Overall, the role of women is changing as they are going into better paid jobs, and eventually men are forced to share household responsibilities (Jayson 1). This would mean an increase in job opportunities for women and men in that, one party can work longer while the other party looks after children or other family chores. With this in mind, the following paper aims at discussing Economics of race and gender, and discussing this, it will evaluate how roles in the household have changed tremendously (Burnette, 332). In the article entitled, Family life, roles changing as couples seek balance Jayson argues that, gender roles have altered for the last decades in that, men play a greater role in the domestic life as women emerge into the labor market (Jayson 1). In the 21st century, there is a division of labor between women and men commonly

Frustration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Frustration - Essay Example The discussion in this paper is intended to be inclined to the case AS v Wijsmuller BV (The Super Servant Two), [1989] EWCA Civ 6, [1990]. The doctrine of Frustration under the contract law intends to reveal a number of propositions contextualized in the case AS v Wijsmuller BV. Some of these propositions include evolving to ease the rigor of the common law’s avowal on factual performance of unlimited promises, outcome of frustration to end the contract and an event must occur without a liability on the side of the party seeking to depend on it2. The Purpose of this paper is to analyze the statement â€Å"Since the consequence of frustration is to eradicate the contract and eject the parties from supplementary burden under it, the doctrine is not to be unconscientiously invoked, but must be kept inside much contracted limits and ought not to be unmitigated†. The discussion in this paper is intended to be inclined to the case AS v Wijsmuller BV The doctrine of frustratio n exhibits complexity when determining the cases in this context3. Some of the examples of frustration include destruction of the specific object, which is fundamental for execution of the contract, personal incapability, and non-occurrence of a particular event, state interference, delay and supervening illegality4. For the case of the AS v Wijsmuller BV (The Super Servant Two), [1989] EWCA Civ 6, [1990], the aspect of frustration is inclined to personal incapability, destruction of the specific object and supervening an illegality5. This case remains one of the landmark rulings in the history of contract law practice. The aspect of liability when considering the frustration doctrine creates a concern of narrow limits because of numerous reasons. For instance, the express provision for frustration is limited to the scope of not superseding over the express contractual provision for the exasperating occurrence. In fact, it becomes difficult to ascertain the extent of a frustrating e vent, particularly when its occurrence is inclined to the self-inducement and foreseeability of the event6. In essence, the narrow limits of the frustrating events should be a fundamental consideration in the endeavor to minimize the extent of frustration effects. This study reveals that the effects of contract frustration can only remain relevant if the doctrine is applicable. The aspect of causation forms the epicenter of argument in this case. It is notable that, the contract undergoes frustration when Wijsmuller submitted a fortnight later that, the contact could not be performed. The question of causation is evident and any judge would consider a case in which a seller is in a position to aver the defense of a clause, which defends him in situations where fulfillment is stalled by the exempt threat7. The consequent delivery of his accessible stock to other clientele will not be considered as autonomous cause of inadequacy, as long as when making such delivery the seller acted i n a reasonable manner in all situations of the case. This consideration should be kept within narrow limits to avoid unwarranted liability. Considering that, Dan King contract had been accorded carriage by Super Servant Two without a substitute and in the event that, the vessel had been lost before the time of carriage, then with ultimate assumption of non- negligence by Wijsmuller, it is probable that, the con

Energy & capability Essay Example for Free

Energy capability Essay Energy has been defined as the capability to produce an effect, it can be stored within a system and can be transferred from one system to another and use it in our everyday life. Generally, countries around the world benefited most their energy consumption from oil. Unfortunately, oil crisis affects every nation since producers and sellers monopolize its price as well as its production but apparent drawbacks are expected due to depletion of oil reserves and environmental pollution. The United States merely consumes one-fifth of the world’s oil produced and 35% of it utilize for transportation hence oil importation ought to resolve through alternative energy utilization. It is good to hear that researches and new technologies of alternative energy production and usage have been recently prioritized by the government. There’s only one way to insulate the US from the corrosive power of oil, and that’s to develop an alternative energy resource that’s readily available domestically: hydrogen . Hydrogen is the simplest, most abundant element and it is lighter than air and can be found in the atmosphere in an insoluble substance gas. It is only available on earth in a compound state like water (H2O), coal, petroleum and methane (CH4). It has the highest energy content of any common fuel by weight (about three times more than gasoline), but the lowest energy content by volume (about four times less than gasoline), an energy carrier and derivative of other chemicals that can be produced from a variety of resources (water, fossil fuels, biomass) . Hydrogen can be extracted with no environmental pollution effects through â€Å"steam reforming in which natural gas reacts chemically with steam to produce hydrogen and CO2, electrolysis which splits water into hydrogen and oxygen and the latest discoveries from cultured microbes that emits hydrogen , all require expensive financial support from the government. The fuel cell is an electrochemical devise that can continuously convert chemical energy into electrical energy of power as long as fuel and a reactant are supplied hence chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen in a fuel cell create electricity leaving only water as byproduct unlike internal combustion engines that also generate carbon monoxides hazardous to man and environment as well. Hydrogen often described as the perfect fuel for it does not explode, environment-friendly exploitation and exhaustible major reserve of water will never run out of hydrogen however, considerable amount of energy is needed for steady production of hydrogen. The higher temperature fuel cells can reform natural gas for instance, gaseous hydrogen must be compressed and stored in tolerable high pressure tank to hold enough fuel for travel while liquid hydrogen demands more than -4000F for refrigeration both require high temperatures for fuel to recuperate. Adoption of hydrogen technology should settle first the hydrogen fuel-tank problem, mass production of fuel cell vehicles, alter fueling infrastructure to hydrogen, intensify hydrogen production and public campaign to sell the hydrogen economy . Indeed, importation of fuels can be minimized plus pollution free environment consequently upsurge economic growth. BIBLIOGRAPHY Richard Sonntag Claus Borgnakke. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics 6th ed. (New York: John Wiley Sons, 2004), p21 Joann Jovinelly. Oil : The Economics of Fuel. (New York : The Rosen Publishing Group, 2008). Peter Schwartz Doug Randall. How Hydrogen Can Save America. Wired, April 11, 2009, http://www. wired. com/wired/archive/11. 04/hydrogen. html? pg=1topic=topic_set= Edward Cummings ed. The Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 12. (Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier International, 2002). Energy Information Administration. Hydrogen. October 2008, http://www. eia. doe. gov Greg Bolt. From Microbes to Hydrogen Fuel. Physorg. com, March 24, 2009, http://www/physorg. com/news157140535. html Kurt C. Rolle. Thermodynamics and Heat Power 6th ed. (New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2005), p593 Bryan Woodbury. Hydrogen the Perfect Fuel. 1997, http://www. commutercars. com/h2/

Two Sides Essay -- essays research papers

Pablo Neruda’s Sonnet XLIV â€Å"You Must Know That I Do Not Love And That I Love You† clearly illustrates that love has two sides. Neruda uses the text as an example throughout his poem to explain that love has two sides. These two sides are that he loves and that he does not love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is explained through Neruda’s words:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You must know that I do not love and that I love you,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  because everything alive has its two sides;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a word is one wing of silence,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  fire has its cold half. (107) This statement separates Neruda’s poem into two parts. Neruda clearly explains that everything has two sides. One of the examples that Neruda uses is the fire having its cold half. Neruda is saying that the fire is hot but at the same time it can give a cold feeling. The point of this poem is that love has two sides. Neruda explains, in my understanding, the sides of love are that he loves her with his entire heart but does not love her enough to marry or commit to her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"And† is the most valuable word in Neruda’s poem. â€Å"And† is used to describe the different ways that he loves and does not love. This is more clearly explained in three passages. The first: â€Å"You must know that I do not love and that I love you.† (107) The word â€Å"and† in this line tells the reader that Neruda loves but also does not love. The second: â€Å"to start inf...

Threat of Substitutes Product

2. 0 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES PRODUCTS 3. 1 Switching costs Switching cost is a negative cost that consumers get regarding to the changing suppliers, brands, or products (Investopedia 2012). There are four different methods of switching costs that involve when substituting to another product. The four different methods are learning cost, opportunity cost, implementation cost, and conversion cost. Each method has own different values, however these cost does not involved to the electronic industry (Lash 2010). For people that willing to substitute to another brand usually they spend more time looking for the product that they like.For example, shopping in physical store and shopping in online store, both of it need a lot of time to looking for the item that they want and sometimes people waste their leisure time just in order to browsing around searching for substituting product. It also involved money on it, for substituting product we need to compare price between one and another produ ct. 3. 2 Buyer loyalty Buyer or consumer loyalty is about how to attract consumers and potential consumer in order to making them buy, buy often, buy in higher amount and also bring consumers to us, such as their relatives or friends (CostumerLoyalty 2011).Building a consumer loyalty should be the main focus in order to having a mutual relationship with consumers in a long term. There is many way to building the consumer loyalty such as, keep in touch with email marketing, care and remembering what the consumers like and don’t like, and give them reward. In the electronic industry, consumer loyalty is the most important role. It is important because when the brand is already proofed, tested as a high technology, good quality, materials and already well known, they will always come back and shop for the same brand because they know they fit, believe, and know that brand.For example, in Australia, an iPad sales has hit more than 250,000 (Colley 2010), it happen because Australi a people already know about the quality of the Apple product such as the booming of iPhone, iMac, Macbook, etc. 3. 3 Analysis Analyzing from the above, normally when people purchased a new stuff from electronic brand, people will buy additional accessories launched a new sensational tablet, they will manage Analysing from the statements above, it is more likely for one person to buy more types of apparel if that additional apparel will compliment the look of the buyer even more.Normally when a fashion brand launched a new seasonal fashion line, they tend to make complimentary items to match with the outfit, and these items could be belts, shoes, necklaces, etc. Customers tend to purchase these complimentary products because these accessories are normally priced at a small fraction compared to the outfit and looks even better with the attached products. In addition to this, Walters (1991) also adds that the main concept of promotion is also to stimulate purchases on non-promoted comp liments to the promoted items.